The clue is in the name. Just as a mechanical lever helps you move a heavy load with only a small amount of force, leverage enables you to gain a large exposure to a financial asset using only a small amount of your trading capital.

When you buy an asset in the traditional way, you generally need to pay the full purchase price up front: the total value of the shares, currency, barrels of oil or whatever you’re trading. However, some providers offer the facility to trade using leverage, which means you only have to put up a fraction of the value of your position. Effectively, your provider lends you the rest of the purchase price.

This means that any profit you make, which is still based on the full value of the position, appears magnified in comparison to your outlay. The flip side of this is that any losses are magnified in the same way.

With leverage, both your profit and any loss can actually exceed your initial outlay.

Did you know?

Leverage is also known as ‘gearing’ or ‘geared trading’ in some countries, such as the UK and Australia.

How does it work?

Let’s have a look at an example to illustrate this.

Suppose you decide to buy 1000 shares in Tech Giant Inc. The share price is $1, so to open a conventional trade with a stockbroker you pay 1000 x $1 = $1000. (We’ll ignore any commission or other charges to keep this example simple.)

Alternatively, you could decide to trade using a provider that offers leverage facilities. The provider will ask you to pay just a percentage of the full $1000 to open your trade. This is known as a margin or deposit requirement, and the actual percentage will vary from asset to asset, and from provider to provider.

Say your provider has set the margin requirement for Tech Giant Inc at 10%. This means you need to pay only 10% x $1000 = $100 to open your position. You still have exposure to 1000 shares, but at a tenth of the initial cost.

Magnified profits and losses

Now let’s see what happens as your Tech Giant Inc trade progresses.

Your decision to buy these shares was shrewd as the price now climbs to $1.20. You sell to close your trade for $1.20 x 1000 = $1200, giving you a profit of $200.

Compare your profit to your initial outlay if you used conventional trading:

And now with leveraged trading:

The leveraged trade has given you a 200% profit, whereas the return for the conventional trade is just 20%.

However, take a moment to consider if, instead of rising, Tech Giant Inc had fallen by 20 cents, giving you a $200 loss. The leveraged trade would have resulted in a loss twice the size of your deposit.

It’s vital to prepare yourself for situations like this by always keeping in mind the full value of your trade, and the potential for loss, when you’re using leverage.

This is particularly true in markets such as forex, where you deal in lots that can each be worth thousands of units of currency. At the same time, margin rates can be very low.

So if you were to sell just one standard lot of 100,000 units of EUR/USD at 1.2910, the contract value would be $129,100. With a potential margin requirement of just 0.5%, your deposit for this very substantial trade would only be $645.50. It’s easy to forget how much capital is at risk when the initial outlay is so affordable.

Question

You decide to open a leveraged position buying 1000 shares in Monster Mining Conglomerate plc, currently priced at 100p per share. Your provider’s margin requirement for Monster Mining Conglomerate plc is 5%.

What is your maximum possible loss on the position (assuming you don’t use a stop-loss), and how much margin must you pay?

• a Maximum loss £1000, margin £50.00
• b Maximum loss £50.00, margin £50.00
• c Maximum loss £1000, margin £1000
• d Maximum loss £50.00, margin £1000

Reveal answer

The cost of using leverage

To keep things simple, in the examples above we’ve ignored any charges and commissions that you might pay as part of the normal trading process. It’s worth mentioning one cost that you could sometimes see when using leverage, though.

Since you don’t put up the full value of your position when you trade with leverage, this means your trading provider is effectively lending you the balance of the money. For this reason they may make a small charge to reflect their costs when you keep a trade open overnight. This is called an overnight funding charge. It varies between different products and provoiders, so keep an eye out for it in terms and conditions.